One: The quantitative research question formulated based on my dissertation topi

One: The quantitative research question formulated based on my dissertation topic was:
Most employees are influenced and have better job performance within the workplace when they are motivated. Human resource systems within organizations have developed specific training and development programs to assist in overall integration, inclusion, and incentive programs to increase employee performance and decrease turnover rates. How does employee satisfaction with incentive programs influence turnover intent?
The independent variable, or the cause, would be the incentive programs organizations have implemented, and the dependent variable, or the effect, would be the employee turnover intent.
It would be most appropriate to determine the independent variable, or the incentive programs implemented, ordinally. Ordinal measurements are ordered and allow comparisons of the degree to which two subjects possess the dependent variable (Osherson & Lane, 2023). The Likert Scale is a common ordinal measurement used as it orders measurements in the form of “likely, neither likely or unlikely, unlikely” from least to most sentimental to capture important data (Joshi, Kale, Chandel, & Pal, 2015). The Likert scale would be used to determine how satisfying the incentive programs are within the organization.
The dependent variable, or the turnover intent, would also be measured ordinally in a Likert scale. This survey will ask employees the likeliness of them leaving their employer in event incentive programs have been applied.
Likert scales are calculated based on the sentiment levels being assigned value of representation (Joshi, Kale, Chandel, & Pal, 2015). For example, answering “more than likely” during a Likert scaled survey may equate to a score of 3, and answering “likely” may compute to a 4. Total scores are then calculated during Likert surveys to assist with conclusions of research. An example of total scores would be a total score of 10-20 being equivalent to those who are less likely to quit their jobs, or scores of 1-9 being more likely to quit their job. With this type of information, it would be more acceptable to calculate the research by locating the mode. The mode is the frequent number that occurs the highest number of times in quantitative research (Khan Academy, 2023). Determining which scores populate the most within the study above would help the researcher to determine whether turnover intent is higher or lower now that incentive programs have been implemented within organizations.
References
Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. K. (2015). Likert Scale: Explored and Explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 397-403.
Khan Academy. (2023). Mean, median, and mode review. Retrieved from Measuring center in quantitative data: https://www.khanacademy.org/math/statistics-probability/summarizing-quantitative-data/mean-median-basics/a/mean-median-and-mode-review#:~:text=Mode%3A%20The%20most%20frequent%20number,more%20than%20any%20other%20number.
Osherson, D., & Lane, D. M. (2023, May 17). Levels of Measurement. Retrieved from Online Statistics Education: An Interactive Multimedia Course of Study: https://onlinestatbook.com/
Two: To analyze data, the variables must be categorized and defined scales of measurements, such as the nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales (B.S, 2021). For the research question: What is the influence of exposure to violent media on the frequency of aggressive behavior in children? The independent variables identified were violent media and children’s age. The dependent variable identified was children’s behavior. The independent variable violent media would use the nominal scale. The most appropriate measure of tendency would be mode. In research, the nominal scale is utilized to analyze certain categorical variables, such as the place and gender (B.S, 2021). Violent media can be categorized into television, video games, and films using the nominal scale. Finding the mode can be used to indicate which violent media are more frequently viewed amongst children.
The dependent variable children’s behavior would use the ordinal scale. The most appropriate measure of tendency would be medium. The ordinal scale is used in research to assign variables to numbers to represent their rank or relative position in the data set (B.S., 2021). For the dependent variable children’s behavior, an ordinal scale such as a Likert scale can be used to measure the behavior. The Likert scale is typically used to provide five potential answers to a question or statement, allowing participants to indicate their strength of feeling about the issue. Moreover, the Likert scale’s response categories have rank order, but intervals between the values are not appropriate for ordinal data (McLeod, 2023). Finding the medium of responses from the Likert scale would be appropriate to use if the data set of children’s behavior is skewed.
The independent variable of age of children in the research would be measured on a ratio scale. The most appropriate measure of tendency would be mode. The ratio scale is a type of quantitative measure that follows the characteristics of intervals and absolute zeros. They do not have a negative number because of the existence of an absolute zero. Therefore, the independent variable of children’s he can be measured using the ratio scale. The most appropriate measure of central tendency to use would be the mean to find the average age associated with aggressive behavior. However, the disadvantage of using mean is that it can be sensitive to outliers in small sample sizes (S., 2011). If there are no known outliers, then using mean would provide an accurate average for children’s age.
References
B.S., Anjana. (2021). Scales of Measurement in Research.
Groves, Christopher & Prot, Sara & Anderson, Craig. (2016). Violent Media Effects: Theory and Evidence. Encyclopedia of Mental Health. 10.1016/B978-0-12-397045-9.00257-3.
Mcleod, S. (2023b, March 8). Likert scale definition, examples, and analysis. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/likert-scale.html
S., Manikandan. (2011). Measures of central tendency: The mean. Journal of pharmacology & pharmacotherapeutics. 2. 140-2. 10.4103/0976-500X.81920.